This technical session package from the 2016 SAF National Convention, in Madison, WI, contains more than 70 presentations and over 30 hours of recorded content.

Access

1. Click REGISTER and log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. For SAF Members, the recorded presentations are $0. Registration is still required. Professional membership is only $115!

3. After checking out, the recordings will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd.

Presentations

Presentations are viewable and searchable within six focus areas. Use the Quick or Advanced Search to quickly seek out the presentations that are most relevant to your practice of forestry or anything else that peaks your interest. Each section is outlined below with the respective quantity of presentations available to view.

Education & Communication (8)

Insect, Disease, Fire (7)

                Entomology & Pathology (2)

                Fire & Fuels Management (5)

Forest Policy (4)

Forestry Systems: Agroforestry, Private Forestry, and Urban & Community Forestry (16)

                Agroforestry (1)

                Private Forestry/Family Forest Owners (11)

                Urban & Community Forestry (4)

Harvesting & Utilization (17)

                Biomass, Bioenergy, and Carbon (4)

                Economics (7)

                Harvesting & Utilization (4)

                Technology (2)

Silviculture: Forest Ecology and Data Informing Decisions (23)

                Boots on the Ground Guidelines (4)

                Eastern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (4)

                Northern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (3)

                Northwestern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (2)

                Southern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (5)

                Western Silviculture & Forest Ecology (5)

CFEs

CFEs are not available for viewing this collection of recorded presentations. Be sure to register for the current year’s convention to earn CFEs, build your skills, and expand your professional network connections.

Need Help?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, or email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

Refund

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

This technical session package from the 2017 SAF National Convention, in Albuquerque, NM, contains more than 50 presentations and over 25 hours of recorded content.

Access

1. Click REGISTER and log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. For SAF Members, the recorded presentations are $0. Registration is still required. Professional membership is only $115!

3. After checking out, the recordings will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd or accessible from the ForestEd registration confirmation email.

Presentations

Presentations are viewable and searchable within six focus areas. Use the Quick or Advanced Search to quickly seek out the presentations that are most relevant to your practice of forestry or anything else that peaks your interest. Each section is outlined below with the respective quantity of presentations available to view.

Education & Communication (3)

Forest Policy (6)

Forestry Systems: Agroforestry, Private Forestry, and Urban & Community Forestry (4)

                Agroforestry (2)

                Private Forestry/Family Forest Owners (1)

                Urban & Community Forestry (1)

Harvesting & Utilization (13)

                Biomass, Bioenergy, and Carbon (3)

                Economics (3)

                Harvesting & Utilization (2)

                Technology (5)

Insect, Disease, Fire (8)

                Entomology & Pathology (3)

                Fire & Fuels Management (5)

Silviculture: Forest Ecology and Data Informing Decisions (18)

                Boots on the Ground: Data, Guidelines, and Experiences (3)

                Eastern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (1)

                Northern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (3)

                Northwestern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (1)

                Southern Silviculture & Forest Ecology (6)

                Western Silviculture & Forest Ecology (2)

                Water & Watersheds (2)

CFEs

CFEs are not available for viewing this collection of recorded presentations. Be sure to register for the current year’s convention to earn CFEs, build your skills, and expand your professional network connections.

Need Help?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, or email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

Refund

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Read the Journal of Forestry January 2019 issue and complete the 10-question quiz. Earn 4.0 Category 1 CFEs when you pass the quiz with a score of at least 70%. 

ACCESS 

1. Click REGISTER. Be sure to log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the quiz will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd. The online quiz is accessible within the Contents Tab. 

3. Access to CFEs for this quiz and access to this quiz online is for 12 months following its availability date.

4. For SAF Members, the articles are $0. Professional membership is only $115!

View Journal of Forestry January 2019 Online - Member Access (free) / Non-Member Access (additional fees)

An Analysis of Costs and Cost Trends for Southern Forestry Practices
D.W. Callaghan, P.N. Khanal, and T.J. Straka

Increasing Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration Alters Stand Development in Trembling Aspen Forests: Are Outdated Density Management Guidelines in Need of Revision for All Species?
M.E. Kubiske, C.W. Woodall, and C.C. Kern

Landowner Perspectives on Reforestation following a High-Severity Wildfire in California
L.Waks, S.D. Kocher, and L. Huntsinger

An Initial Look at Contracted Wildfire Response Capacity in the American West
H. Huber-Stearns, C. Moseley, C. Bone, N. Mosurinjohn, and K.M. Lyon

History, Highlights and Perspectives of Southern Upland Hardwood Silviculture Research
C.J. Schweitzer

OPTIONAL Downloadable quiz is available online - Member Access (free download) / Non-Member Access (additional fee).

Either register for and complete the quiz online here at ForestEd for instant results, or submit the completed downloaded quiz and payment to SAF.

CFEs 

Earned CFEs will be added to your record at the end of the day after you pass the quiz. CFEs are available for this item once.

RETAKE QUIZ

If you are seeking to retake the quiz for improved results and to earn CFEs, contact cf@safnet.org.

NEED HELP?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

REFUNDS

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Read the Journal of Forestry July 2019 issue and complete the 10-question quiz. Earn 3.0 Category 1 CFEs when you pass the quiz with a score of at least 70%. 

ACCESS 

1. Click REGISTER. Be sure to log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the quiz will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd. The online quiz is accessible within the Contents Tab. 

3. Access to CFEs for this quiz and access to this quiz online is for 12 months following its availability date.

4. For SAF Members, the articles are $0. Professional membership is only $115!

View the Journal of Forestry July 2019 articles Online - Member Access (free) / Non-Member Access (additional fees)

Combined Effects of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Infestation and Treatment with Imidacloprid on Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Leaf Radiometry
H.W. Garris, T.H. Settle, J.E. Crossman, S.J. Grider, and S.L. Michaels

Promoting Sustainable Living Among College Students Key Programming Components
B.J. Wynveen, A.R. Meyer, and C.J. Wynveen

Student and Instructor Generated Open Educational Resources Compare Favorably to a Traditional Textbook
J.P. Stovall, S.G. Laird, L. Welford, and A. Williams

Web Content Analysis of University Forestry an Related Natural Resources Landing Webpages in the U.S. in Relation to Student and Faculty Diversity
T.L. Bal and T.L. Sharik

Integrating Drones into a Natural Resource Curriculum at Stephen F. Austin State University
D. Unger, D. Kulhavy, I. Hung, Y. Zhang, and P. Stephens-Williams

OPTIONAL Downloadable quiz is available online - Member Access (free download) / Non-Member Access (additional fee).

Either register for and complete the quiz online here at ForestEd for instant results, or submit the completed downloaded quiz and payment to SAF.

CFEs 

Earned CFEs will be added to your record at the end of the day after you pass the quiz. CFEs are available for this item once.

RETAKE QUIZ

If you are seeking to retake the quiz for improved results and to earn CFEs, contact cf@safnet.org.

NEED HELP?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

REFUNDS

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Read the Journal of Forestry March 2019 issue and complete the 10-question quiz. Earn 4.0 Category 1 CFEs when you pass the quiz with a score of at least 70%.

ACCESS 

1. Click REGISTER. Be sure to log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the quiz will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd. The online quiz is accessible within the Contents Tab. 

3. Access to CFEs for this quiz and access to this quiz online is for 12 months following its availability date.

4. For SAF Members, the articles are $0. Professional membership is only $115!

View Journal of Forestry March 2019 Online - Member Access (free) / Non-Member Access (additional fees)

Who Are We Educating and What Should They Know? An Assessment of Forestry Education in California
E.C. Kelly and G. Brown

Local Community Agency and Vulnerability Influences on a Montana Wildfire
M.S. Carroll and T. Paveligo

Conserving Dry Old-Growth Forest in Central Oregon, USA
A. Merschel, R. Vora, and T. Spies

Socioecological Impacts of the Western Pine Beetle Outbreak in Southern California:  Lessons for the Future
C.J. Fettig

Status and Impact of Walnut Twig Beetle in Urban Forest, Orchard, and Native Forest Ecosystems
S. Seybold, W.E. Klingman, S.M. Hishinmua, T.W. Coleman, and A.D. Graves

OPTIONAL Downloadable quiz is available online - Member Access (free download) / Non-Member Access (additional fee).

Either register for and complete the quiz online here at ForestEd for instant results, or submit the completed downloaded quiz and payment to SAF.

CFEs 

Earned CFEs will be added to your record at the end of the day after you pass the quiz. CFEs are available for this item once.

RETAKE QUIZ

If you are seeking to retake the quiz for improved results and to earn CFEs, contact cf@safnet.org.

NEED HELP?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

REFUNDS

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Read the Journal of Forestry May 2019 issue and complete the 10-question quiz. Earn 4.0 Category 1 CFEs when you pass the quiz with a score of at least 70%.

ACCESS 

1. Click REGISTER. Be sure to log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the quiz will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd. The online quiz is accessible within the Contents Tab. 

3. Access to CFEs for this quiz and access to this quiz online is for 12 months following its availability date.

4. For SAF Members, the articles are $0. Professional membership is only $115!

View Journal of Forestry May 2019 Online - Member Access (free) / Non-Member Access (additional fees)

The Effects of the New Hampshire Timber Yield Tax on Potential Financial Returns from Forest Management on Private Land
A.F. Howard

Practicing Collaborative Natural Resource Management with Federal Agencies: Keys to Success across Partnership Structures
K.N. Bothwell

Use of Science and Modeling by Practitioners in Landscape-Scale Management Decisions 
E.M. White, K. Lindberg, E.J. Davis, and T.A. Spies

Real-Time Monitoring with a Tablet App Improves Implementation of Treatments to Enhance Forest Structural Diversity
C.T. Maher, E. Oja, A. Marshall, M. Cunningham, L. Townsend, G. Worley-Hood, L.R. Robinson, T. Margot, D. Lyons, S. Fety, E.E. Schneider, S.M.A. Jeronimo, D.J. Churchill, and A.J. Larson

Youth Engagement in Forest Planning: Fulfilling the 2012 Planning Rule
C.J. Wynveen and K.K. McMahan

OPTIONAL Downloadable quiz is available online - Member Access (free download) / Non-Member Access (additional fee).

Either register for and complete the quiz online here at ForestEd for instant results, or submit the completed downloaded quiz and payment to SAF.

CFEs 

Earned CFEs will be added to your record at the end of the day after you pass the quiz. CFEs are available for this item once.

RETAKE QUIZ

If you are seeking to retake the quiz for improved results to earn CFEs, contact cf@safnet.org.

NEED HELP?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

REFUNDS

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Read the Journal of Forestry November 2019 issue and complete the 10-question quiz. Earn 4.5 Category 1 CFEs when you pass the quiz with a score of at least 70%. 

ACCESS 

1. Click REGISTER. Be sure to log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the quiz will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd. The online quiz is accessible within the Contents Tab. 

3. Access to CFEs for this quiz and access to this quiz online is for 12 months following its availability date.

4. For SAF Members, the articles are $0. Professional membership is only $115!

View the Journal of Forestry November 2019 articles Online - Member Access (free) / Non-Member Access (additional fees)

Adequacy of Timber Trespass Civil Awards: A Louisiana Case Study
T.E. McConnell, C.L. VanderSchaaf, J.J. Holderieath, and M.K. Crosby

Projecting the Spatial Distribution of Possible Planted Forest Expansion in the United States
C.M. Wade, J.S. Baker, G. Latta, S. Ohrel, and J. Allpress

Mapping the Potential Distribution of Oak Wild (Bretziella fagacearum) in East Central and Southeast Minnesota Using Maxent
M.B. Gearman and M.S. Blinnikov

Are Current Seedling Demographics Poised to Regenerate Northern US Forests?
L.A. Vickers, W.H. McWilliams, B.O. Knapp, A.W. D'Amato, D.C. Dey, Y.L. Dickinson, J.M. Kabrick, L.S. Kenefic, C.C. Kern, D.R. Larsen, A.A. Royo, M.R. Saunders, S.R. Shifley, and J.A. Westfall

Markets and Market Values of Nontimber Forest Products in the United States: A Review, Synthesis, and Identification of Future Research Needs
G.E. Frey, S.J. Alexander, J.L. Chamberlain, K.A. Blatner, A.W. Coffin, and R.J. Barlow

OPTIONAL Downloadable quiz is available online - Member Access (free download) / Non-Member Access (additional fee).

Either register for and complete the quiz online here at ForestEd for instant results, or submit the completed downloaded quiz and payment to SAF.

CFEs 

Earned CFEs will be added to your record at the end of the day after you pass the quiz. CFEs are available for this item once.

RETAKE QUIZ

If you are seeking to retake the quiz for improved results and to earn CFEs, contact cf@safnet.org.

NEED HELP?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

REFUNDS

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Read the Journal of Forestry September 2019 issue and complete the 10-question quiz. Earn 4.5 Category 1 CFEs when you pass the quiz with a score of at least 70%. 

ACCESS 

1. Click REGISTER. Be sure to log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the quiz will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd. The online quiz is accessible within the Contents Tab. 

3. Access to CFEs for this quiz and access to this quiz online is for 12 months following its availability date.

4. For SAF Members, the articles are $0. Professional membership is only $115!

View the Journal of Forestry July 2019 articles Online - Member Access (free) / Non-Member Access (additional fees)

Can Clearcutting Reset Successional Trajectories in Upland Oak-hickory Forests? A Case Study from Mid-Missouri
B. Knapp, S.E. Anderson, P.J. Curtin, C. Ghilardi, and R.G. Rives

Forest Sector Research and Development Capacity
K. McGinley, R.W. Guldin, and F.W. Cubbage

Tough Problems, Science Gaps, and Investment Priorities for Forest Sector Research: Conversations at Seven Dialogues
R.W. Guldin

Testing the Ability of Airborne LiDAR to Measure Forage Resources for Large Herbivores in Conifer Forests
I.T. Hull and L.A. Shipley

Hydrologic Modifications Challenge Bottomland Hardwood Forest Management
S.L. King and R.F. Keim

OPTIONAL Downloadable quiz is available online - Member Access (free download) / Non-Member Access (additional fee).

Either register for and complete the quiz online here at ForestEd for instant results, or submit the completed downloaded quiz and payment to SAF.

CFEs 

Earned CFEs will be added to your record at the end of the day after you pass the quiz. CFEs are available for this item once.

RETAKE QUIZ

If you are seeking to retake the quiz for improved results and to earn CFEs, contact cf@safnet.org.

NEED HELP?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

REFUNDS

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

These two technical presentations from the 2014 SAF National Convention, in Salt Lake City, UT, include 45 minutes of recorded content.

Access

1. Click REGISTER and log in with your SAF account username and password.

2. After checking out, the recordings will be available on your MY DASHBOARD page here on ForestEd.

Presentations

Introducing Structural Complexity in Red Pine Plantations

Presented by Shawn Hagan, The Forestland Group, LLC

Stands of red pine (Pinus resinosa) in the Lake States are intensively managed through practices that promote homogeneity of growing space. Although stand conditions vary, the site preparation and stand improvement treatments associated with plantation management may limit wildlife habitat structure by eliminating competing vegetation, snags and poorly-formed trees, downed woody debris (DWD), and understory species. Although previous research has demonstrated compatibility of intensive forest practices with many wildlife species, the increasing intensity of pine management in the Great Lakes region may present potential conflicts between timber production and maintenance of biological diversity. For example, DWD resulting from pre-commercial and commercial thinning of pine plantations is increasingly targeted for biomass removal, further reducing the structural diversity of plantations. Therefore, identifying practical methods for improving the wildlife habitat potential of intensively managed pine stands is needed. The objective of this study is to determine if avian and small mammal communities in northern Wisconsin red pine stands respond to treatments that maintain and create structural heterogeneity. Six stands were thinned according to a conventional 3rd or 5th row removal treatment, in which slash was scattered in the thinned strips. Another six stands were thinned using diagonal cutting lanes and thinned selectively between these corridors. Some of the slash in these stands was aggregated in piles at an approximate density of one per two acres. Small mammal trapping and point count surveys for birds were used to compare site occupancy between the two treatments.

Natural Models for Restorative Silviculture in the Great Lakes Pine Forest: Evidence and Implementation 

Presented by Brian Palik, USDA Forest Service

The Great Lakes mixed-pine forest is reduced in area, tree diversity, structural complexity, and spatial heterogeneity compared to the historical condition. The latter was characterized by complex age structure, mixed-species composition, abundant dead wood, and structural heterogeneity. There is interest in restoring complex structure and composition in ways that reflect the natural range of variation for this ecosystem, but there is little experience with this type of silviculture. We have partnered with the Chippewa National Forest in northern Minnesota to explore, implement, and evaluate operational approaches to enhance structural complexity and compositional diversity in this regionally important ecosystem, using silviculture based on natural models of disturbance and stand development. Approaches include i) retention harvesting to create two-cohort structure, ii) mixed-species planting to restore diversity, iii) variable density thinning to accelerate development of heterogeneity, iv) shrub control to emulate low intensity surface fires, and v) extended recovery periods between harvests to facilitate development of large trees. An extensive suite of ecosystem variables are monitored in these projects, including tree productivity, plant and bird communities, tree regeneration, and disease patterns. Several lessons have been learned from operational implementation, including i) treatments designed to create structural heterogeneity at one spatial scale can result in simplified, homogeneous structure at other scales, suggesting the need for multi-scale silvicultural planning, ii) a greater focus should be put on timber quality rather than quantity, because volume production will likely be reduced, and iii) patience and practice are required to gain experience with non-standard marking and harvesting. 

CFEs

Receive a passing score (100%) for the 4-question quiz and earn 0.5 Category 1 CFEs. CFEs will automatically be added to your CFE record located on www.eforester.org.

For more CFEs from an SAF National Convention, be sure to register for the current year’s convention to earn CFEs, build your skills, and expand your professional network connections.

Certificate

Upon successful completion of this course and course evaluation, participants may download and print a certificate verifying completion of the course and earning CFEs. CFEs will be uploaded to participant CFE records by the end of the day (11:59 pm ET).

Get Started or Resume Progress

Once registered, access the content within your MY DASHBOARD. Simply select the item from MY DASHBOARD and watch the videos within the Contents Tab. You can pause at any point and you can return right where you last left off. Simply select the presentation you were last viewing. 

Need Help?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, or email cf@safnet.org. For questions about the content or to re-take the quiz, email cf@safnet.org. 

For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

Refund

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.

Course information

This short course, curated by Michigan State University's Forest Carbon and Climate Program, will develop foundational knowledge in the relationship between climate regulation, forests, and forest carbon. In five modules, the course covers the 1) Carbon Cycle and Storage, 2) Humans, the Global Carbon Cycle, and Terrestrial Sinks, 3) Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Storage, 4) Forest Ecosystem Carbon Pools and Fluxes, and 5) Disturbances and their Carbon Impact. Each module will outline its respective learning objectives. Course content will include recorded presentations, links to online resources, and recommended reading.

Is this course for you?

This course is intended for the novice or aspiring forest carbon and climate novice who is seeking to get a better understanding of climate regulation and forest carbon within the context of forests and forestry. This foundational course covers the fundamentals to help better equip you in the conversation of climate and forest carbon with your colleagues, customers, and other diverse audiences. This course may also serve as a refresher to your understanding. Reinforcing your knowledge can strengthen your understanding, especially as new resources, tools, and policies may emerge as they relate to climate regulation and forest carbon.

Open registration

Registration is open for only 1 month -  December 10, 2019 at 8:00 am ET to January 7, 2020 at 11:55 pm ET.

Course start date

Course content will be accessible starting January 7, 2020 at 10:30 am ET.

Course access 

Course access will remain open until February 28, 2020 at 11:55 pm ET.

Course pace

This course is self-paced with an expected completion time frame of up to 6 weeks. This course must be completed in sequence and each presentation must be viewed in entirety to progress to the next section. Once a section is complete, you can return to the previous section. ForestEd will send you reminders along the way to help you stay on track. 

Learning Objectives

Upon successful completion of this short course, you will:

1. Be familiar with and able to identify the carbon cycle and its connection to natural and human-caused global warming
2. Know about trends in atmospheric GHG emissions and their impact on the carbon cycle
3. Understand sources and sinks, and the role of natural forests and the forestry sector
4. Understand that forest composition, structure, and function influence carbon storage
5. Remember the pools of carbon with forested ecosystems
6. Apply knowledge of forest structure differences to forest carbon pools and fluxes by forest type
7. Be able to communicate global distribution of carbon storage in forests
8. Remember that management planning and decision-making can minimize the carbon losses from natural and human-caused disturbances

Rubric

Successful completion of the course is measured by mastering each module's quiz to assess how well you recall and apply your new knowledge. You have unlimited attempts for each quiz to master the content. Passing score for each quiz is 80%.

Course Evaluation

Participant feedback is appreciated to help the course curators and subject matter experts continually improve the course for future participants.

CFEs

Upon successful completion of this course, you will earn 1.5 CFEs in Category 1. CFEs will automatically be added to your CFE record located on www.eforester.org.

Certificate

Upon successful completion of this course and course evaluation, participants may download and print a certificate verifying completion of the course and earning CFEs. CFEs will be uploaded to participant CFE records by the end of the day of course completion (11:59 pm ET).

Get Started or Return to Place in Course

Once you are registered for the course, access this course within your MY DASHBOARD. You can pause at any point during the course and you can return right where you last left off. Simply select the presentation you were last viewing and you will be prompted to select if you wish to start where you left off. For additional tips for success, watch the Course Tutorial Video preceding the Welcome Presentation. Note: this course uses pop-up windows so be sure to enable pop-up windows on your browser.

Course Resources

Additional course resources are available within the Resources tab and within the Contents tab course sections.

Need Help?

For ForestEd questions, visit FAQs, email cf@safnet.org, or watch the Course Tutorial within the Contents tab. For questions about this course's content email forestc@msu.edu. For technical assistance, go to help.commpartners.com for self troubleshooting and/or live chat, or you can email cf@safnet.org.

Refund

This is a non-refundable item. Please view FAQs for additional information.