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Pests, Pathogens & Invasive Plants Bundle
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Enjoy this curated set of on-demand presentations that focus on forest pests, pathogens, and invasive plants. This bundle will be updated as new content becomes available.
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Presentations
2016
An Ounce of Prevention – The Spread of Heterobasidion Root Disease and the Evolution of Control - John McLaughlin, BioForest
Emerald Ash Borer Management: Viewing Through an Economic, Ecologic, and Social Lens - Andrew VanNatta, City of Milwaukee
2017
Mountain Pine Beetles in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming: A Collaborative, Strategic Response - Gregory Josten, South Dakota Department of Agriculture
Subalpine Fir Decline: Relationships Between Armillaria Root Disease, Bark Beetles, and Climate - Jane Stewart, Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management
Sustaining the Health of Southwestern White Pine Populations through Adaptive Traits - Ethan Bucholz, Northern Arizona University
2018
It's in Their Genes - Identifying Patterns of Genetic Resistance to Blister Rust in Southwestern White Pine - Jeremy Johnson, Northern Arizona University
Root Disease Caused Tree Mortality in Western WA Forests: Highlighting the Impacts of Significant Disturbances - Amy Ramsey, Washington Department of Natural Resources
Science and Management of Ceratocystis Wilt on Metrosideros in Hawai'i - JB Friday, University of Hawai'i
The Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Its Symbiotic Relationship to the Fungus Fusarium - Madeline Rauhe; California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Western White Pine Disease Resistance in Western Washington: Operational Planting and Resistant Stock Types - Amy Ramsey, Washington Department of Natural Resources
White Pine Regeneration: Effects of Competition on Growth and Pest Damage - Katherine Minnix, Michigan State University
2019
A Genetic Improvement Program for White Oak for Forest Health and Forest Product Industries - Laura DeWald, University of Kentucky
Distribution, Presence, Ecology, and Harvest Dynamics of the Chaga fungus in the WMNF - Rhys Brydon-Williams, University of New Hampshire
Management of Native Hawaiian Forests Affected by Ceratocystis Wilt - JB Friday, University of Hawai'i
The Role of Stochasticity in Predicting Forest Pests: The Case of Emerald Ash Borer - Erik Lyttek, Montclair State University
2021
Aliens Among Us: National and Regional Patterns of Non-native Plant Invasions in U.S. Forests - Kevin Potter, North Carolina State University
Effects of Flooding on Survival and Performance of Potential Replacement Species in Black Ash Swamps - Gwen Keller, University of Minnesota
2022
Structural Characteristics of Black Spruce Infested With Eastern Spruce Dwarf Mistletoe, Minnesota, U.S.A. - Ella Gray, Iowa State University
Do Complex Spatial Patterns in Treated Stands Influence Tree Mortality from Bark Beetles? - Gia Landis, Northern Arizona University
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An Ounce of Prevention – The Spread of Heterobasidion Root Disease and the Evolution of Control Methods
Open to view video. | 30 minutes
Open to view video. | 30 minutes
Heterobasidion Root Disease is the most destructive, economically significant disease of conifers in the northern hemisphere, including three major forest regions of North America. Traditionally, control has been achieved with chemical pesticides, but chemical use is falling out of favour. Rotstop C, a bio-control product, provides an environmentally friendly alternative. Presented by John McLaughlin, BioForest at the 2016 SAF National Convention in Madison, WI.
Emerald Ash Borer Management: Viewing Through an Economic, Ecologic, and Social Lens
Open to view video. | 27 minutes
Open to view video. | 27 minutes
Whether one likes it or not, emerald ash borer (EAB) will cost a community to manage the insect. This talk will highlight findings from several studies that found active management through treatment is economically more favored than no control or preemptively removing ash trees in advance of EAB induced mortality. Presented by Andrew VanNatta, City of Milwaukee at the 2016 SAF National Convention in Madison, WI.
Mountain Pine Beetles in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming: A Collaborative, Strategic Response
Open to view video. | 29 minutes
Open to view video. | 29 minutes
This presentation will explain the collaborative actions in response to 20 year epidemic, beetle biology, the latest science and how applied, the strategic goals, treatment methods, accomplishments and investments, lessons learned, and offer perspectives on creating resilient forests for the future. Presented by Gregory Josten, South Dakota Department of Agriculture at the 2017 SAF National Convention in Albuquerque, NM.
Subalpine Fir Decline: Relationships Between Armillaria Root Disease, Bark Beetles, and Climate
Open to view video. | 26 minutes
Open to view video. | 26 minutes
Relationships among putative factors associated with subalpine fir decline within Colorado in subalpine and white fir and Engelmann spruce, including Armillaria root disease, bark beetles and climate will be discussed to better understand management strategies and determine potential risk within spruce/fir forests throughout the West. Presented by Jane Stewart, Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management at the 2017 SAF National Convention in Albuquerque, NM.
Sustaining the Health of Southwestern White Pine Populations through Adaptive Traits
Open to view video. | 30 minutes
Open to view video. | 30 minutes
A range-wide study of Pinus strobiformis is currently underway at three common gardens in northern Arizona. Utilizing drought studies and concomitant testing for resistance to Cronartium ribicola, we will analyze abiotic and biotic tolerances to best inform land management and reforestation efforts of the coming century. Presented by Ethan Bucholz, Northern Arizona University at the 2017 SAF National Convention in Albuquerque, NM.
It’s in Their Genes – Identifying Patterns of Genetic Resistance to Blister Rust in Southwestern White Pine
Open to view video. | 26 minutes
Open to view video. | 26 minutes
Southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), is a large, long-lived conifer native to the U.S. and Mexico, and is very susceptible to white pine blister rust (caused by the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola). The species has a major gene (Cr3), that has been discovered at low frequency in some populations, that imparts complete resistance to the disease but may be overcome in the future by virulent strains of the pathogen. Partial resistance has also been documented in the species and allows infected individuals to survive with disease symptoms. Despite the fact that resistance is found to occur in southwestern white pine, little is known about the type, frequency, and geographic pattern of resistances across its range. We present early results from a range-wide assessment (446 families from 104 populations) of major gene and partial resistance, where most seed collections are from areas not yet heavily impacted by the disease. Seedlings were artificially inoculated with C. ribicola spores and scored for disease symptoms and patterns of growth. All populations show high infection, however, early results indicate that there is a significant (P < 0.05) relationship between the probability of canker development and geographic origin of maternal parent. Moreover, we identified variation in partial genetic resistance in the species at low frequencies (7%-11%) and have identified several Cr3 families. When combined with Cr3 resistance, partial resistance will likely provide more durable and usable resistance. These results will provide guidance to refine genetic conservation efforts and future seed collections for reforestation and restoration. Presented by Jeremy Johnson, Northern Arizona University at the 2018 SAF National Convention in Portland, OR.
Root Disease Caused Tree Mortality in Western WA Forests: Highlighting the Impacts of Significant Disturbances
Open to view video. | 10 minutes
Open to view video. | 10 minutes
In western Washington forests, root disease is one of the primary disturbance agents and can reduce the structural integrity of the base and roots of a tree, reduce growth, cause host mortality and increase tree susceptibility to wind throw and insect damage. These impacts can occur across a wide range of host species, tree ages, site conditions and locations, and may result in property loss, public safety concerns and unexpected trajectories to forest stand development in infested areas. Root diseases are often underrepresented in forest health related aerial and ground surveys and are often ignored when considering management activities on a site, resulting in missed opportunities to mitigate the impacts of these disturbance agents. This presentation discusses the assessment results of four, primarily Douglas-fir sites across western Washington impacted by Armillaria root disease (caused by Armillaria spp.) and Laminated root rot (caused by Phellinus sulphurascens). Symptoms and damage at each site ranged from trees with thinning crowns to wind throw and entire tree mortality, and the damage was found occurring in patches and/or scattered throughout stands. Results varied across assessed sites, with findings including the identification of root disease in 95% of survey plots on a site that was recently commercially thinned, in 30% of the survey plots on another recent commercially thinned site and root disease causing tree mortality on at least 25% of the acreage of a site that will be harvested soon. Presented by Amy Ramsey, Washington Department of Natural Resources at the 2018 SAF National Convention in Portland, OR.
Science and Management of Ceratocystis Wilt on Metrosideros in Hawai‘i
Open to view video. | 18 minutes
Open to view video. | 18 minutes
Sudden, widespread mortality of Hawaii’s most important native tree, Metrosideros polymorpha (‘ōhi‘a lehua), was observed on Hawai‘i Island beginning in 2010. Researchers initially diagnosed the pathogen as Ceratocystis, and recent results have shown that two new species of Ceratocystis, C. lukuohia (which causes a vascular wilt) and C. huliohia (which causes a canker), are currently attacking Metrosideros in Hawai‘i. These species are not known to occur elsewhere but seem to be recent introductions to the island. Ground-based plots in infected stands show an average annual mortality of ~ 10%. Surveys of the extent of the infestations being conducted using airborne digital sketch mapping show that approximately 135,000 acres of forest are currently affected. Island-wide maps of diseased stands have been produced using hyperspectral imagery; these are being analyzed for environmental clues as to reasons for the distribution of the diseases. Drones are being used to record short-term changes in survival in selected stands. Transmission is thought to be by scolytine beetles and wind-blown beetle frass. Human transport of infected wood also likely plays a role. Management is currently focused on felling trees in locations with incipient infestations and sanitation, including preventing movement of Metrosideros wood. Initial studies have shown some resistance in individual Metrosideros trees and work is beginning on developing disease-resistant lines. Methods to treat wood and living trees are also being investigated. While the disease is currently confined to Hawai‘i Island, Metrosideros forests are important across the Hawaiian archipelago and other Pacific Islands from Tahiti to New Zealand. Presented by JB Friday, University of Hawai'i at the 2018 SAF National Convention in Portland, OR.
The Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Its Symbiotic Relationship to the Fungus Fusarium
Open to view video. | 17 minutes
Open to view video. | 17 minutes
An outbreak of invasive ambrosia beetles in southern California’s urban and wildland settings has gained the attention of forest health professionals, pathologists, and entomologists, due to the beetles’ wide host range, the rapid increase in affected areas, and the severity of tree mortality. Two primary species of ambrosia beetles (Euwallacea sp.), polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB), collectively invasive shot hole borers (ISHB), are identified as having a symbiotic association with three fungi, the spores of which are carried by the beetles and farmed in the cambium of the host tree. The most detrimental of the three fungi (Fusarium sp.) results in Fusarium dieback (FD), a disease that affects the host’s cambium, preventing nutrient flow, often resulting in host mortality. Numerous agencies (governmental, academic, and commercial) are collaborating to evaluate the various treatments to mitigate the impact on urban landscapes. This work will use established techniques, such as multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, to understand how in-field treatments may result in morphological adaptations of the beetle or fungus. ISHB specimens, collected monthly from traps located in Anaheim, California, will be taken to the entomology laboratory at University of California Riverside. Once the ISHB specimens have been counted and properly identified, they will be cleaned and dissected to collect the fungal spores stored in the beetles’ mycangia. The collected spores will be cultivated to facilitate further DNA analyses, which will be studied for any indications that the pathogen may be responding to the attempted mitigation treatments. Presented by Madeleine Rauhe, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo at the 2018 SAF National Convention in Portland, OR.
Western White Pine Disease Resistance in Western Washington: Operational Planting and Resistant Stock Types
Open to view video. | 28 minutes
Open to view video. | 28 minutes
Western white pine (WWP) is a wide-ranging forest tree species of high economic and ecological value. However, due to several factors, including the inadvertent introduction of the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola Fisch. (the cause of white pine blister rust (WPBR) disease), there have been extreme levels of mortality in many natural populations of WWP, and a greater reluctance to use this species in reforestation. The objective of this study was to examine current WPBR infection levels in operational plantings of WWP and compare those results to the most recent data from a series of WWP field trials examining a diverse set of WPBR resistant families. Results were then used to determine if there were WWP stock types available that had greater resistance to WPBR than are currently being planted operationally. The rust resistant field trials provide key information on the efficacy of rust resistance over time, as well as the adaptability of different seed sources of WWP in a changing climate. Results have shown an average of 34% of the trees across all operationally planted sites had WPBR infections causing or likely to cause mortality. Among the 36 seedlots examined in the resistance field trials, five seedlots had an average of 10-20% mortality causing and likely to cause mortality infections and four seedlots had an average of less than 10% infections. The data suggests that there are WWP seedlots available with greater WPBR resistance levels than are currently being planted operationally. Presented by Amy Ramsey, Washington Department of Natural Resources at the 2018 SAF National Convention in Portland, OR.
White Pine Regeneration: Effects of Competition on Growth and Pest Damage
Open to view video. | 29 minutes
Open to view video. | 29 minutes
White pine weevil (WPW) (Pissodes strobi, Peck), a native insect, colonizes and kills white pine (WP) (Pinus strobus, L.) terminal leaders. Young, open-grown trees with stout terminal leaders are particularly attractive to WPW. Leader mortality can cause bole defects, affecting tree value. Since light competition facilitates recovery of apical dominance and slender leaders on shaded trees are not suitable for WPW, damage from WPW can be reduced by planting seedlings at high densities or beneath overstory trees. These strategies, however, slow WP growth. Trade-offs between growth and pest damage were evaluated in 2017 in areas planted from 1998-2000 under varying silvicultural conditions. WP seedlings were planted into an open field in replicated, 2-ha blocks at three densities (1682, 2196, 2989 stems/ha). Blocks were row-thinned in 2015. Trees in high density plots were significantly smaller (average DBH 14.7 ± 0.4 cm), than trees in low-density blocks (average DBH 17.8 ± 0.3 cm). Pest-related defects were significantly less common on trees planted at the highest density. Even-aged, mixed species stands were established by planting WP seedlings into hardwood clear-cuts (1-4 ha) at varying densities (526-2198 trees/ha). WP growth and damage incidence were highly variable but were not affected by stem density. WP seedlings were also planted at a constant density (2198 trees/ha) under varying levels of oak crown closure (0-100%) in a 16-ha stand. Maple regeneration, however, generally captured canopy gaps. Less than 5% of WP grown in this stand had bole defects but the WP were small (DBH of 3.5-5.6 cm). Presented by Katherine Minnix, Michigan State University at the 2018 SAF National Convention in Portland, OR.
A Genetic Improvement Program for White Oak for Forest Health and Forest Product Industries
Open to view video. | 27 minutes
Open to view video. | 27 minutes
White oak dominates eastern US forests, is critical to forest health, and is a highly valued economic driver for forest product industries (e.g., cooperage industry). The white oak resource is threatened by changing climate conditions, non-native invasive species and poor regeneration rates. To improve and sustain our white oak resources, a holistic approach combining silvicultural and genetics knowledge is crucial. Currently, little genetic information exists regarding how white oak responds to stressors, or how adaptive and non-adaptive traits vary genetically. To address these deficiencies, we are developing a white oak genetic improvement program in the Forest Health Research and Education Center at the University of Kentucky that is focused on growth, yield, and health related to improving forest health and products for forest industries. A critical initial step is characterizing phenotypic diversity of white oak stands. We are accomplishing this using field surveys to identify trees exhibiting high value traits. This step is particularly challenging given a significant portion of the eastern forest is privately owned, and thus a variety of methods including use of TreeSnap are being used. The geo-referenced selected trees serve as in-situ genetic reserves, and they provide material for ex-situ seed orchards and progeny tests that will uncover genetic variation patterns in performance, and resistance to pathogens and insects related to different silvicultural treatments. Results from these efforts will be used to develop genetically informed strategies to increase resistance and resilience of the white oak resource to meet the challenges posed by biotic and abiotic stressors. Presented by Laura DeWald, University of Kentucky, at the 2019 SAF National Convention, Louisville, KY.
Distribution, Presence, Ecology, and Harvest Dynamics of the Chaga fungus in the WMNF
Open to view video. | 30 minutes
Open to view video. | 30 minutes
Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), is a fungus endemic to birch trees that produces a large sterile conk. When dried, Chaga has medicinal value as an anti-mutagen and for gastro-peptic relief. With the growth of the natural remedies market over the last decade, Chaga has increasingly become the target of harvest in the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF). Forest managers of the WMNF have asked USFS Forest Health Protection staff whether special use permitting for Chaga as a Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) should be allowed. However, it is difficult to make management recommendations or best management practices for harvesting Chaga because the abundance and ecology of the Chaga resource in the WMNF is currently unknown. This project seeks to quantify the Chaga resource in the WMNF; determine incidence of Chaga by tree species, habitat type, and other variables. Two surveys were conducted in the 2017 and 2018 field seasons, with a total of 66 sites and 2,614 birch trees sampled across the WMNF. These surveys found positive correlations between Chaga presence and birch tree age, diameter, and density, as well as site elevation. Chaga presence in the WMNF was low: only 2% of trees sampled had a visible Chaga conk. However, distribution was much higher (46% of stands had Chaga presence). There was no clear correlation between Chaga presence and either stand-level species composition or other tree damages. The results of this data are anticipated to provide a framework for WMNF forest managers to develop Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Chaga harvest. Presented by Rhys Brydon-Williams, University of New Hampshire, at the 2019 SAF National Convention, Louisville, KY.
Management of Native Hawaiian Forests Affected by Ceratocystis Wilt
Open to view video. | 25 minutes
Open to view video. | 25 minutes
Hawaii’s most important and widespread native tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, has been devastated by an outbreak of a vascular wilt disease caused by a newly described species of Ceratocystis. Research has indicated that a major way the fungus spreads is through windblown frass produced by ambrosia beetles attacking the trees after death. As is the case with other Ceratocystis diseases, the fungus needs a wound to enter the tree. Management has focused on decreasing frass production from the dead trees and reducing wounding of healthy trees. In stands producing infectious frass, the dead trees are being felled to reduce the amount of windblown inoculum. Remote sensing and on the ground permanent plots have revealed patterns where protected forests show much lower disease incidence than forests that have high populations of non-native game animals, such as swine, goats, sheep, and cattle, which are known to damage trees. These observations indicate that fencing forests and removing feral animals may protect forests from Ceratocystis infection; however, such actions are opposed by local hunting groups. Disease incidence can also be high in forests on the edge of the wildland / urban interface, where trees are damaged by road and building construction and clearing for utility lines. Extension programs focus on educating communities on the importance of native forests and how to protect them. Forest managers may have to decide whether to protect native forests by fencing or manage them for hunting and accepting high levels of mortality of Metrosideros and invasion by non-native trees. Presented by JB Friday, University of Hawai'i, at the 2019 SAF National Convention, Louisville, KY.
The Role of Stochasticity in Predicting Forest Pests: The Case of Emerald Ash Borer
Open to view video. | 24 minutes
Open to view video. | 24 minutes
Globalized trade has led to the introduction of countless invasive pests and diseases into unfamiliar systems. In the case of forest stability, this has proven especially disastrous, with billions of dollars lost to invasive pests every year. The dispersal rate of pests and disease has an intrinsic impact on the losses from these disturbances, as satellite populations exponentially increase their natural spread. These pests exhibit irregular spread due to inadvertent anthropogenic transport and unknown biological factors. EAB is an Asiatic pest that has been spreading across the United States since the late 1990s, largely aided by human traffic. It has since eliminated an estimated 85 million ash trees. With losses only escalating, and the recent introduction of the pest to New Jersey, we propose a stochastic spread and consumption model with estimated forest cover and consumption rates from empirical experiments to address the issue. Then use the estimated rate of spread and intensity of infestations to evaluate policy options for managing the forest system. Presented by Erik Lyttek, Montclair State University, at the 2019 SAF National Convention, Louisville, KY.
Aliens Among Us: National and Regional Patterns of Non-native Plant Invasions in U.S. Forests
Open to view video. | 33 minutes
Open to view video. | 33 minutes
Nonnative invasive plants cause long-term detrimental impacts for forest ecosystems, including declines in biological diversity, alterations to forest succession, and changes in nutrient, carbon and water cycles. The damage caused by these alien species, and the efforts to control them, are costly. The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service records the presence of problematic invasive plant species on many of its plots. An analysis of more than 76,000 FIA plot across the U.S. from 2005 to 2018 revealed that counties throughout much of the South and in the Mid-Atlantic and Midwestern States had the highest percent of plots invaded by nonnative plants. Using the FIA program’s statistical design, we estimated the forest area invaded by nonnative plant species nationally, regionally, and by ownership. Nationally, approximately 62.7 million ha of forest were invaded (36.2% of inventoried forest area). This is likely a substantial underestimate because only 61 percent of forest was inventoried for invasives. Forest land in the South had the highest proportion of invaded forest area (57.7%), followed by the North (54.5%). The West was considerably less invaded (except Hawaii). Eastern FIA plots were most likely to be invaded in relatively more productive, fragmented forests in proximity to more than 10 percent agriculture or developed land cover. A large majority of invaded forest was in private ownership, while 30% of the protected forest, 38% of the de facto protected forest, and 56% of the unprotected forest was invaded. These results help quantify and frame the problem of invasive forest plants for management and conservation decision-making. For example, the projected increases in forest area contained within the wildland-urban interface or exposed to nearby agriculture and development will likely increase invasion rates in forestland occurring in relatively productive or accessible areas. Presented by Kevin Potter from North Carolina State University at the 2021 SAF National Virtual Convention.
Effects of Flooding on Survival and Performance of Potential Replacement Species in Black Ash Swamps
Open to view video. | 25 minutes
Open to view video. | 25 minutes
Black ash (Fraxinus nigra) acts as foundational species, controlling hydrologic regime, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat, in black ash wetlands in the western Great Lakes region. The dominance of black ash in these stands makes them particularly vulnerable to the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), which quickly causes high mortality for ash species. Due to the threat EAB invasion poses to the structure and function of black ash forests, research is being conducted to determine adaptation strategies for managers. One such strategy is to increase tree species diversity through artificial regeneration; however, there is limited information available on how potential replacement tree species respond to flooding. We used a greenhouse experiment to explore early survival, growth and physiology of eighteen different tree species in response to different flooding durations and intensities. In the early summer of 2020, seedlings were planted in pots, placed in 60-gallon tanks, and split between two greenhouses. In the first greenhouse, the tanks were flooded to soil surface for 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks. In the second greenhouse, three water table depth treatments were applied: 0, 6, or 12 inches below soil surface. Measurements of seedlings performance were taken throughout summer 2020 and analysis was conducted using mixed effects models in R. Thus far, analysis has revealed that silver maple (Acer saccharinum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), American elm (Ulmus americana), river birch (Betula nigra), and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) were among the top performing species in terms of growth, survival, and physiological integrity. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and black walnut (Juglans nigra) were among the lowest. Our results will aid managers in maintaining the structure and function of black ash wetlands under threat from emerald ash borer. Presented by Gwen Keller from University of Minnesota at the 2021 SAF National Virtual Convention.
Structural characteristics of black spruce infested with eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Select the "View Video" button to begin. | 22 minutes
Select the "View Video" button to begin. | 22 minutes
Eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) is a native, morality-causing disturbance agent of black spruce (Picea marina) in Minnesota with strong spatial patterns to its occurrence. We found differences in pattern and magnitude of effects of infestation across spatial scales (stand, plot, neighborhood), highlighting the importance of scale to management. Presented by Ella Gray, Iowa State University at the 2022 SAF National Convention in Baltimore, MD.
Do Complex Spatial Patterns in Treated Stands Influence Tree Mortality from Bark Beetles?
Select the "View Video" button to begin. | 17 minutes
Select the "View Video" button to begin. | 17 minutes
Recent silvicultural treatments in Northern Arizona create complex spatial patterns, leading to variable individual-tree competition within treated stands. We used data collected at individual tree and stand-scales in treated and untreated stands to assess the influence of competition between scales and treatments on bark beetle-caused mortality. Presented by Gia Landis, Northern Arizona University at the 2022 SAF National Convention in Baltimore, MD.
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